Reference
Sources
The receipts. Every fact on this site traces back to one of these.
Facts checked September 24, 2026
All 88 sources cited on this site, grouped by guide. Each was opened and checked on September 24, 2026. Where a company page carries no date, we list it as a current page or help article.
Sources by page
Each page lists its sources here instead of at the bottom of the page. The numbers in brackets on a page open the matching source below. Pick a page:
- Home
- Data centers
- Affiliate disclosure
- AI by country
- AI explained
- AI history
- AI safety
- Best AI for artwork
- Companies & models
- Electricity myth
- Glossary
- How AI works
- Is AI always right?
- Is AI conscious?
- Jobs & economy
- Myths vs facts
- Prompting
- Rules & jobs
- Scams
- Start here
- Water bottle myth
- Water use
- Which AI?
Home
← Back to the page · 13 sources
- Americans and AI 2026: Chatbots, smart devices and views on impact. Pew Research Center.
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Mata v. Avianca, Inc., No. 22-cv-1461 (PKC), Opinion and Order on Sanctions. U.S. District Court, S.D.N.Y. (via CourtListener).
- How your data is used to improve model performance. OpenAI Help Center.
- Manage your Gemini Apps activity. Google Gemini Help.
- Privacy FAQ for Microsoft Copilot. Microsoft Support.
- Data collection at Perplexity. Perplexity Help Center.
- Consumer FAQs. xAI.
- Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud (PSA I-120324-PSA). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- 2025 Internet Crime Report. FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Data centers
← Back to the page · 47 sources, 7 photo credits
Feature: The data center comes full circle
- R.C. Chu, “Exploring Innovative Cooling Solutions for IBM’s Supercomputing Systems” (presentation). IBM (hosted by Clemson University), 2010. https://mark.people.clemson.edu/ExploringInnovativeCoolingSolutions.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “NVIDIA Vera Rubin POD: Seven Chips, Five Rack-Scale Systems, One AI Supercomputer”. NVIDIA Technical Blog, Mar 16, 2026. https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-vera-rubin-pod-seven-chips-five-rack-scale-systems-one-ai-supercomputer/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Delia et al., “System cooling design for the water-cooled IBM Enterprise System/9000 processors,” IBM Journal of Research and Development 36(4). IBM, July 1992. https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.364.0791 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Sustainable by design: Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling”. Microsoft Cloud Blog, Dec 9, 2024. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/blog/2024/12/09/sustainable-by-design-next-generation-datacenters-consume-zero-water-for-cooling/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Meta’s Odense Data Center (fact sheet). Meta, Feb 2025. https://datacenters.atmeta.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Metas-Odense-Data-Center.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Shehabi et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (p. 55). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Dec 2024. https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Cray-2 CPU and cooling tower,” Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing. Computer History Museum, undated web exhibit. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/68/275 (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Luleå goes live”. Meta Data Centers, Jun 12, 2013. https://datacenters.atmeta.com/2013/06/lulea-goes-live/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- High-Performance Computing Data Center Heat Capture and Reuse. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), undated web page. https://www.nlr.gov/computational-science/waste-heat-energy-reuse (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- High-Performance Computing Data Center Power Usage Effectiveness. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), undated web page. https://www.nlr.gov/computational-science/measuring-efficiency-pue (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “To cool datacenter servers, Microsoft turns to boiling liquid”. Microsoft Source, Apr 6, 2021. https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/innovation/datacenter-liquid-cooling/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Computer engineers at ORNL pioneer approaches to energy efficient supercomputing”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sep 10, 2024. https://www.ornl.gov/news/computer-engineers-ornl-pioneer-approaches-energy-efficient-supercomputing (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Exploring a space-based, scalable AI infrastructure system design”. Google Research, Nov 4, 2025. https://research.google/blog/exploring-a-space-based-scalable-ai-infrastructure-system-design/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “How Starcloud Is Bringing Data Centers to Outer Space”. NVIDIA Blog, Oct 2025. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/starcloud/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Starcloud-1 satellite reaches space, with Nvidia H100 GPU now operating in orbit”. DatacenterDynamics, Nov 3, 2025. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/starcloud-1-satellite-reaches-space-with-nvidia-h100-gpu-now-operating-in-orbit/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Google’s Project Suncatcher prototype satellite is in orbit”. Google, Oct 1, 2026. https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/project-suncatcher-prototype/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Public Notice DA 26-113, SpaceX application for orbital data centers. Federal Communications Commission, Feb 4, 2026. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-26-113A1.txt (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- PG25 Fluid Requirements. NVIDIA, July 2026 (v01 Aug 19, 2025). https://marketplace.nvidia.com/docs/PG25_Fluid_Requirements.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Universal Quick Disconnect (UQD) Specification, Rev 1.0. Open Compute Project, undated specification. https://www.opencompute.org/documents/ocp-universal-quick-disconnect-uqd-specification-rev-1-0-2-pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Leak Detection and Handling. NVIDIA Infra Controller documentation, undated web page. https://docs.nvidia.com/infra-controller/documentation/operations-day-2/leak-detection-handling (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Guidelines for Using Water-Based Transfer Fluids in Single-Phase Cold Plate-Based Liquid-Cooled Racks. Open Compute Project, undated guideline. https://www.opencompute.org/documents/guidelines-for-using-water-based-transfer-fluids-in-single-phase-cold-plate-based-liquid-cooled-racks-final-pdf/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- Best Management Practice #10: Cooling Tower Management. U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program, undated web page. https://www.energy.gov/cmei/femp/best-management-practice-10-cooling-tower-management (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Meta surplus heat to district heating” (project page). Ramboll, undated web page. https://www.ramboll.com/projects/energy/meta-surplus-heat-to-district-heating (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
- “Inside the NVIDIA Vera Rubin Platform: Six New Chips, One AI Supercomputer”. NVIDIA Technical Blog, Jan 5, 2026. https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/inside-the-nvidia-rubin-platform-six-new-chips-one-ai-supercomputer/ (accessed Oct 25, 2026).
Rest of the page
- Energy and AI: Energy demand from AI. International Energy Agency.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- AEO2026 data-center electricity use (Today in Energy). U.S. Energy Information Administration.
- Commercial electricity demand growth (Today in Energy). U.S. Energy Information Administration.
- Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024: Key findings. Central Statistics Office (Ireland).
- AI Index Report 2026, Chapter 1: Research and Development (data-center counts, AI power capacity). Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- Water Science School: Water-use terminology. U.S. Geological Survey.
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
- AWS Project Rainier: AI compute cluster. Amazon (aboutamazon.com).
- NVIDIA Vera Rubin POD: Seven Chips, Five Rack-Scale Systems, One AI Supercomputer. NVIDIA Technical Blog.
- Inside the NVIDIA Rubin Platform: Six New Chips, One AI Supercomputer. NVIDIA Technical Blog.
- NVIDIA Kicks Off the Next Generation of AI With Rubin. NVIDIA Newsroom.
- OpenAI, Oracle, and SoftBank expand Stargate with five new AI data center sites. OpenAI.
- Deepening our investment in Richland Parish, Louisiana. Meta (data center site).
- Microsoft completes construction on first datacenter facility in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin. Microsoft Source.
- AI Opportunities Action Plan: one year on. UK Government (gov.uk).
- EU launches AI Gigafactories call. European Commission.
- China launches project for greater computing power, digital future (China Daily, hosted by NDRC). National Development and Reform Commission, China.
- Our first AI hub in India, powered by a $15 billion investment. Google (blog.google, India).
- Introducing Stargate UAE. OpenAI.
- HRH Crown Prince launches HUMAIN as global AI powerhouse. Public Investment Fund (Saudi Arabia).
- MDDI response to PQ on future data centre capacity plans in support of AI adoption. Ministry of Digital Development and Information (Singapore).
Photo credits
- Under the raised floor of a data center, 2008. Photo: Adamantios, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- Frontier at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2022. It is cooled with warm water and no chillers. Photo: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- Unveiling the warm-water, liquid-cooled Peregrine supercomputer at NREL’s data center in Golden, Colorado, 2013. Photo: U.S. Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
- Meta’s data center in Luleå, Sweden, photographed in 2016. Meta says it is cooled with outside air and runs on local hydroelectric power. Photo: Christopher Down, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- An immersion-cooling tank, 2017. Servers sit in a liquid that does not conduct electricity. Photo: Rolf Brink, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- Front panel of an IBM System/360 Model 91, as displayed at the Living Computer Museum, Seattle. Photo: MBlairMartin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- A Cray-2 supercomputer at the Museum für Verkehr und Technik, Berlin, 2022. Photo: Fridolin freudenfett, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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Diagrams drawn by us from the sources cited.
Affiliate disclosure
← Back to the page · 2 sources
- Disclosures 101 for Social Media Influencers. Federal Trade Commission.
- The FTC’s Endorsement Guides: What People Are Asking. Federal Trade Commission.
AI by country
← Back to the page · 36 sources
- Executive Order 14365: Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence. The White House (Federal Register publication Dec 16, 2025).
- America’s AI Action Plan. The White House.
- AI Index Report 2026, Chapter 8: Policy and Governance. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- Colorado SB 26-189 (session law). Colorado General Assembly.
- AI Index Report 2026, Chapter 1: Research and Development (data-center counts, AI power capacity). Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- AI Index Report 2026, Chapter 4: Economy (private investment, new companies, adoption). Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- The 2026 AI Index Report: top takeaways. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services (Order No. 15). Cyberspace Administration of China et al. (gov.cn, Chinese).
- Measures for Labeling AI-Generated Synthetic Content (gov.cn, Chinese). Cyberspace Administration of China et al..
- State Council opinions on deepening the “AI+” action (国发〔2025〕11号, gov.cn, Chinese). State Council of China.
- China launches project for greater computing power, digital future (China Daily, hosted by NDRC). National Development and Reform Commission, China.
- Timeline for the implementation of the EU AI Act. European Commission, AI Act Service Desk.
- Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024: Key findings. Central Statistics Office (Ireland).
- EU launches AI Gigafactories call. European Commission.
- A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation: government response. UK Government (DSIT).
- AI Opportunities Action Plan: one year on. UK Government (gov.uk).
- India AI Governance Guidelines (press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India.
- IndiaAI Mission compute update (press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India.
- Our first AI hub in India, powered by a $15 billion investment. Google (blog.google, India).
- Outline of the Act on Promotion of Research and Development and Utilization of AI-Related Technologies. Cabinet Office, Japan.
- Japan adopts first AI Basic Plan. The Japan Times.
- Enforcement of the AI Basic Act (press release). Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea.
- South Korea AI infrastructure announcement. NVIDIA.
- Mohammed bin Rashid approves establishing the Artificial Intelligence and Data Authority. UAE Media Office.
- UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031. UAE Government.
- Introducing Stargate UAE. OpenAI.
- HRH Crown Prince launches HUMAIN as global AI powerhouse. Public Investment Fund (Saudi Arabia).
- Prime Minister Carney launches “AI for All”, Canada’s new national AI strategy. Prime Minister of Canada.
- AI for All: Canada’s national AI strategy. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada.
- Senado aprova regulamentação da inteligência artificial; texto vai à Câmara (PL 2338/2023). Agência Senado (Portuguese).
- Ficha de tramitação, PL 2338/2023. Câmara dos Deputados (Portuguese).
- National AI Plan. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Australia).
- Factsheet: Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI. Infocomm Media Development Authority (Singapore).
- MDDI response to PQ on future data centre capacity plans in support of AI adoption. Ministry of Digital Development and Information (Singapore).
AI explained
← Back to the page · 11 sources
- International AI Safety Report 2026. International AI Safety Report (chair: Yoshua Bengio; secretariat: UK AI Security Institute).
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
- Understanding and counting tokens. OpenAI Help Center.
- Models | OpenAI API. OpenAI.
- Models overview. Anthropic (Claude Platform Docs).
- What’s the Difference Between Deep Learning Training and Inference?. NVIDIA Blog.
- Inside the AI Index: 12 Takeaways from the 2026 Report. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- The Open Source AI Definition 1.0. Open Source Initiative.
- Introducing gpt-oss. OpenAI.
- Models Overview. Mistral AI (docs).
- Meta Llama (official Hugging Face organization). Meta.
AI history
← Back to the page · 73 sources
- A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. W. S. McCulloch, W. Pitts, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5: 115–133.
- The Turing Test (entry; cites Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59(236): 433–60, 1950). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, C. E. Shannon (hosted by jmc.stanford.edu).
- Professor’s perceptron paved the way for AI – 60 years too soon. Cornell Chronicle.
- ELIZA—A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine. J. Weizenbaum, Communications of the ACM 9(1).
- Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. MIT Press.
- Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey (the Lighthill Report). Sir James Lighthill, for the UK Science Research Council (hosted by Chilton Computing).
- The Quest for Artificial Intelligence (book, free PDF). N. J. Nilsson, Cambridge University Press (hosted by Stanford AI Lab).
- The Quest for Artificial Intelligence (book, free PDF). N. J. Nilsson, Cambridge University Press (hosted by Stanford AI Lab).
- Learning representations by back-propagating errors. D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton, R. J. Williams, Nature 323: 533–536.
- The Quest for Artificial Intelligence (book, free PDF). N. J. Nilsson, Cambridge University Press (hosted by Stanford AI Lab).
- Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition. Y. LeCun et al., Neural Computation 1(4): 541–551.
- Corporate timeline. Nvidia.
- Deep Blue. IBM.
- Long Short-Term Memory. S. Hochreiter, J. Schmidhuber, Neural Computation 9(8): 1735–1780.
- Corporate timeline. Nvidia.
- A Fast Learning Algorithm for Deep Belief Nets. G. E. Hinton, S. Osindero, Y.-W. Teh, Neural Computation 18(7): 1527–1554.
- Corporate timeline. Nvidia.
- ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database. J. Deng et al., CVPR 2009 (hosted by image-net.org).
- Watson and the Jeopardy! Challenge. IBM.
- Apple Launches iPhone 4S, iOS 5 & iCloud. Apple Newsroom.
- ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G. E. Hinton, NeurIPS (NIPS) 2012.
- Google acquires UK artificial intelligence startup DeepMind. The Guardian.
- Generative Adversarial Networks (arXiv:1406.2661). I. Goodfellow et al..
- Introducing OpenAI. OpenAI.
- Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition (arXiv:1512.03385). K. He et al..
- AlphaGo. Google DeepMind.
- Google supercharges machine learning tasks with TPU custom chip. Google Cloud blog.
- Attention Is All You Need (arXiv:1706.03762). A. Vaswani et al..
- A.M. Turing Award, 2018 recipients. Association for Computing Machinery.
- BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (arXiv:1810.04805). J. Devlin et al., Google.
- OECD AI Principles overview. OECD.AI.
- OpenAI forms exclusive computing partnership with Microsoft. Microsoft News.
- Language Models are Few-Shot Learners (arXiv:2005.14165). T. Brown et al., OpenAI.
- NVIDIA’s New Ampere Data Center GPU in Full Production. Nvidia Newsroom.
- AlphaFold: a solution to a 50-year-old grand challenge in biology. Google DeepMind.
- DALL·E: Creating images from text. OpenAI.
- Anthropic raises $124 million to build more reliable, general AI systems. Anthropic.
- Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. UNESCO.
- NVIDIA Announces Hopper Architecture, the Next Generation of Accelerated Computing. Nvidia Newsroom.
- Stable Diffusion Public Release. Stability AI.
- Introducing ChatGPT. OpenAI.
- Microsoft and OpenAI extend partnership. Official Microsoft Blog.
- Introducing LLaMA: A foundational, 65-billion-parameter large language model. Meta AI.
- GPT-4. OpenAI.
- Introducing Claude. Anthropic.
- Nvidia crosses into $1 trillion market cap before giving back gains. CNBC.
- Elon Musk launches his new company, xAI. CNBC.
- Amazon and Anthropic announce strategic collaboration. About Amazon.
- Executive Order 14110: Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register.
- AI Index Report 2026, Chapter 8: Policy and Governance. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- AI Safety Summit 2023. UK Government.
- Introducing Gemini: our largest and most capable AI model. Google.
- Nvidia passes Microsoft in market cap to become most valuable public company. CNBC.
- Timeline for the implementation of the EU AI Act. European Commission, AI Act Service Desk.
- Introducing OpenAI o1-preview. OpenAI.
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024: press release. The Nobel Prize.
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024: press release. The Nobel Prize.
- New funding to scale the benefits of AI. OpenAI.
- DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning (arXiv:2501.12948). DeepSeek-AI.
- Announcing The Stargate Project. OpenAI.
- America’s AI Action Plan. The White House.
- New funding to build towards AGI. OpenAI.
- Outline of the Act on Promotion of Research and Development and Utilization of AI-Related Technologies. Cabinet Office, Japan.
- Executive Order 14365: Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence. The White House (Federal Register publication Dec 16, 2025).
- Enforcement of the AI Basic Act (press release). Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea.
- Prime Minister Carney launches “AI for All”, Canada’s new national AI strategy. Prime Minister of Canada.
- OpenAI launches GPT-6 Sol and GPT-6 Luna: cheaper, smaller siblings of GPT-6 Astra. OpenAI.
- Anthropic releases Claude Opus 5.5, priced 20% lower per token than Opus 5. Anthropic.
- Google announces Gemini 4 Argon, a new frontier model in limited rollout. Google DeepMind.
- Broadcom to lend Anthropic up to $42 billion to help finance TPU infrastructure leases. Reuters.
- Sens. Murphy and Hawley announce bipartisan AI Agent Accountability Act on agent hacking liability. Office of Sen. Chris Murphy.
- India’s AM Intelligence orders about 20,000 more Nvidia Rubin GPUs for AI data centers in India and Malaysia. AM Intelligence.
AI safety
← Back to the page · 7 sources
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
- Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud (Alert I-120324-PSA). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3).
- International AI Safety Report 2026. International AI Safety Report (chair: Yoshua Bengio; secretariat: UK AI Security Institute).
- Prompt injection is not SQL injection (it may be worse). UK National Cyber Security Centre.
- ChatGPT and large language models: what’s the risk?. UK National Cyber Security Centre.
- LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection. OWASP Gen AI Security Project.
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Best AI for artwork
← Back to the page · 15 sources
- Midjourney plan comparison. Midjourney docs.
- Midjourney commercial use. Midjourney docs.
- Ideogram plans and credits. Ideogram docs (last verified Oct 15, 2026 on that page).
- Ideogram Terms of Service. Ideogram.
- Adobe Firefly product page. Adobe.
- Adobe Firefly FAQ (PDF). Adobe Help.
- Leonardo.Ai pricing. Leonardo.
- Leonardo commercial-use article. Leonardo.
- Stability AI license. Stability AI.
- Stability AI API pricing. Stability docs.
- Black Forest Labs pricing. BFL.
- FLUX licensing overview. BFL Help.
- ChatGPT plans and pricing. OpenAI.
- OpenAI Terms of Use. OpenAI.
- Images in ChatGPT. OpenAI Help.
Companies & models
← Back to the page · 14 sources
- Models | OpenAI API. OpenAI.
- Introducing gpt-oss. OpenAI.
- Models overview. Anthropic (Claude Platform Docs).
- Models | Gemini API. Google AI for Developers.
- Grok Models & Pricing. xAI documentation (pages titled “SpaceXAI”).
- SpaceXAI home page (x.ai). xAI.
- Llama.com: available models. Meta.
- Meta Llama (official Hugging Face organization). Meta.
- Models Overview. Mistral AI (docs).
- DeepSeek home page. DeepSeek.
- Your First API Call. DeepSeek API Docs.
- Qwen organization on GitHub. Alibaba Qwen team.
- Qwen organization on Hugging Face. Alibaba Cloud (Qwen).
- Amazon Nova. Amazon Web Services.
Electricity myth
← Back to the page · 4 sources
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers. U.S. Department of Energy.
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
Glossary
← Back to the page · 59 sources
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
- Models overview. Anthropic (Claude Platform docs).
- ChatGPT search. OpenAI Help Center.
- Gemini Apps Privacy Hub. Google Gemini Help.
- Scammers use AI to enhance their family emergency schemes. Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Advice.
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- What Is Artificial Superintelligence?. IBM.
- What is Superintelligence? Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Explained. Amazon Web Services.
- Trump and major AI executives sign “morally binding” voluntary controls. CBS News.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- HeyGen pricing. HeyGen.
- Comet is now available to everyone. Perplexity.
- What Is AI Safety?. IBM.
- What Is AI Alignment?. IBM.
- What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?. IBM.
- What Is AI Bias?. IBM.
- Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA). C2PA.
- Download ChatGPT. OpenAI.
- Claude plans and pricing. Anthropic.
- The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (SP 800-145). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Jules, an autonomous coding agent. Google.
- How your data is used to improve model performance. OpenAI Help Center.
- Context windows. Anthropic (Claude Platform docs).
- Microsoft 365 plans with Copilot for individuals. Microsoft.
- Copyright and Artificial Intelligence. U.S. Copyright Office.
- Cursor pricing. Cursor.
- What Is Deep Learning?. IBM.
- What is edge computing?. Cloudflare Learning Center.
- Vector embeddings. OpenAI API docs.
- AI Act. European Commission, Digital Strategy.
- Fair Use Index. U.S. Copyright Office.
- Model optimization (includes fine-tuning). OpenAI API docs.
- Gemini subscriptions. Google.
- Gemini Notebook plans. Google.
- Google AI plans. Google.
- Explainer on the Interconnection Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
- Grok. xAI.
- What Are AI Guardrails?. IBM.
- LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection. OWASP Gen AI Security Project.
- What is latency?. Cloudflare Learning Center.
- What is Machine Learning?. IBM.
- DeepL Pro plans. DeepL.
- Meta AI assistant. Meta.
- What Is a Neural Network?. IBM.
- AI Risk Management Framework. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- The Open Source AI Definition 1.0. Open Source Initiative.
- What are Model Parameters?. IBM.
- Getting started with Perplexity. Perplexity.
- Green Power Supply Options. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- What is RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)?. Amazon Web Services.
- Reasoning models. OpenAI API docs.
- Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. Ouyang et al., arXiv:2203.02155.
- Introduction to Cloud TPU. Google Cloud Documentation.
- Attention Is All You Need. Vaswani et al., arXiv:1706.03762.
- Water Science Glossary (water-use terminology). U.S. Geological Survey.
- SynthID. Google DeepMind.
- n8n plans and pricing. n8n.
- Data controls in the OpenAI platform. OpenAI API docs.
How AI works
← Back to the page · 17 sources
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Tracing the thoughts of a large language model. Anthropic.
- Claude is providing incorrect or misleading responses. What's going on?. Anthropic Help Center.
- Gemini Apps Privacy Hub. Google Gemini Help.
- Mata v. Avianca, Inc., No. 22-cv-1461 (PKC), Opinion and Order on Sanctions. U.S. District Court, S.D.N.Y. (via CourtListener).
- Park v. Kim, No. 22-2057, 91 F.4th 610. U.S. Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit (via FindLaw).
- Moffatt v. Air Canada, 2024 BCCRT 149. BC Civil Resolution Tribunal (via CanLII).
- BC Tribunal Confirms Companies Remain Liable for Information Provided by AI Chatbot. American Bar Association, Business Law Today.
- Models overview. Anthropic (Claude Platform docs).
- ChatGPT search. OpenAI Help Center.
- Americans and AI 2026: Chatbots, smart devices and views on impact. Pew Research Center.
- Accelerating the next phase of AI. OpenAI.
- The Gemini app has surpassed 1 billion monthly users. Google.
- Democrats are now more worried than Republicans about AI and its impact on jobs. Pew Research Center.
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
Is AI always right?
← Back to the page · 3 sources
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Mata v. Avianca, Inc., No. 22-cv-1461 (PKC), Opinion and Order on Sanctions (Document 54). U.S. District Court, S.D.N.Y. (copy on Justia).
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
Is AI conscious?
← Back to the page · 1 source
- Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness (arXiv 2308.08708). Butlin, Long and 17 co-authors.
Jobs & economy
← Back to the page · 9 sources
- About 1 in 5 U.S. workers now use AI in their job, up since last year. Pew Research Center.
- Large Firms With at Least 20 Employees Biggest AI Users. U.S. Census Bureau (Business Trends and Outlook Survey).
- The 2026 AI Index Report, Chapter 4: Economy. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- Inside the AI Index: 12 Takeaways from the 2026 Report. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI.
- OECD Employment Outlook 2026: Geographic Disparities in Jobs and Incomes (Chapters 1 and 3). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- International AI Safety Report 2026. International AI Safety Report (chair: Yoshua Bengio; secretariat: UK AI Security Institute).
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) impacts on employment projections. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- Future of Jobs Report 2025: 78 Million New Job Opportunities by 2030 but Urgent Upskilling Needed to Prepare Workforces. World Economic Forum.
- AI Will Transform the Global Economy. Let’s Make Sure It Benefits Humanity. International Monetary Fund (blog by Kristalina Georgieva).
Myths vs facts
← Back to the page · 11 sources
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers. U.S. Department of Energy.
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
- EU complaint on data center energy and water. POLITICO.
- Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness (arXiv 2308.08708). Butlin, Long and 17 co-authors.
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Mata v. Avianca, Inc., No. 22-cv-1461 (PKC), Opinion and Order on Sanctions. U.S. District Court, S.D.N.Y. (via CourtListener).
- What Is Artificial Superintelligence?. IBM.
- What is Superintelligence? Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Explained. Amazon Web Services.
- Trump and major AI executives sign “morally binding” voluntary controls. CBS News.
Prompting
← Back to the page · 3 sources
- Be clear and direct (Claude prompting best practices). Anthropic.
- Prompt engineering. OpenAI.
- Prompt design strategies. Google (Gemini API docs).
Rules & jobs
← Back to the page · 20 sources
- TX HB149 (2025) bill history. LegiScan.
- H.B. 149, Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (enrolled text). Texas Legislature.
- President Donald J. Trump signed S.146 into law. The White House.
- Executive Order 14179, Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register (govinfo.gov).
- Executive Order 14319, Preventing Woke AI in the Federal Government. Federal Register.
- Executive Order 14320, Promoting the Export of the American AI Technology Stack. Federal Register (govinfo.gov).
- Executive Order 14363, Launching the Genesis Mission. Federal Register (govinfo.gov).
- Executive Order 14365, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence. The White House.
- Executive Order 14409, Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security. Federal Register.
- President Trump unveils national AI legislative framework. The White House.
- SB25B-004, Increase Transparency for Algorithmic Systems. Colorado General Assembly.
- Governor Polis signs bills into law (SB 26-189). Office of Colorado Governor Jared Polis.
- Colorado enacts artificial intelligence replacement law. Seyfarth Shaw LLP (law-firm analysis).
- Governor Newsom signs SB 53. Office of California Governor Gavin Newsom.
- AI Act: regulatory framework for AI. European Commission.
- Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI). Official Journal of the European Union (EUR-Lex).
- About 1 in 5 U.S. workers now use AI in their job, up since last year. Pew Research Center.
- AI use by businesses. U.S. Census Bureau.
- Future of Jobs Report 2025: 78 million new job opportunities by 2030. World Economic Forum.
- Incorporating AI impacts in BLS employment projections. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Scams
← Back to the page · 17 sources
- 2025 Internet Crime Report. FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- Cryptocurrency and AI scams bilk Americans of billions. FBI.
- FTC testifies before the Joint Economic Committee on the agency's efforts to combat fraud. Federal Trade Commission.
- FTC data show people reported losing $3.5 billion to imposter scams in 2025. Federal Trade Commission.
- Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud (PSA I-120324-PSA). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- Scammers use AI to enhance their family emergency schemes. Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Advice.
- Arup revealed as victim of $25 million deepfake scam involving Hong Kong employee. CNN Business.
- Senior U.S. Officials Impersonated in Malicious Messaging Campaign (PSA I-051525-PSA). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- FCC makes AI-generated voices in robocalls illegal. Federal Communications Commission.
- FCC fines political consultant $6 million for deepfake robocalls. Federal Communications Commission.
- Political operative behind fake Biden robocalls found not guilty. New Hampshire Public Radio.
- S.146, TAKE IT DOWN Act (enrolled bill text). U.S. Congress.
- President Donald J. Trump signed S.146 into law. The White House.
- TAKE IT DOWN Act enforcement starts now: what to know. Federal Trade Commission, Business Blog.
- FTC announces crackdown on deceptive AI claims and schemes (Operation AI Comply). Federal Trade Commission.
- FTC reopens and sets aside Rytr final order. Federal Trade Commission.
- FTC announces impersonation rule goes into effect today. Federal Trade Commission.
Start here
← Back to the page · 8 sources
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
- Mata v. Avianca, Inc., No. 22-cv-1461 (PKC), Opinion and Order on Sanctions. U.S. District Court, S.D.N.Y. (via CourtListener).
- How your data is used to improve model performance. OpenAI Help Center.
- Be clear and direct (Claude prompting best practices). Anthropic.
- Prompt engineering. OpenAI.
- Prompt design strategies. Google (Gemini API docs).
- Scammers use AI to enhance their family emergency schemes. Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Advice.
Water bottle myth
← Back to the page · 1 source
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
Water use
← Back to the page · 2 sources
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- Water Science School: Water-use terminology. U.S. Geological Survey.
Which AI?
← Back to the page · 16 sources
- ChatGPT pricing. OpenAI.
- Claude plans and pricing. Anthropic.
- Gemini subscriptions. Google.
- Microsoft 365 plans with Copilot for individuals. Microsoft.
- Perplexity pricing. Perplexity.
- Grok pricing. xAI.
- Introducing Meta One: a subscription service with more features and AI. Meta Newsroom.
- Download ChatGPT. OpenAI.
- ChatGPT search. OpenAI Help Center.
- Gemini release notes (Mac app April 15, 2026; Windows app September 10, 2026). Google.
- The Gemini app has surpassed 1 billion monthly users. Google.
- Getting started with Perplexity. Perplexity.
- Grok. xAI.
- Meta AI assistant. Meta.
- Introducing Muse Spark from Meta Superintelligence Labs. Meta Newsroom.
- DeepSeek Privacy Policy (last updated February 10, 2026). DeepSeek.
Sources by topic
How AI works
- Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- Why language models hallucinate. OpenAI.
- Tracing the thoughts of a large language model. Anthropic.
- Claude is providing incorrect or misleading responses. What's going on?. Anthropic Help Center.
- Gemini Apps Privacy Hub. Google Gemini Help.
- ChatGPT search. OpenAI Help Center.
- Models overview. Anthropic (Claude Platform docs).
- Mata v. Avianca, Inc., No. 22-cv-1461 (PKC), Opinion and Order on Sanctions. U.S. District Court, S.D.N.Y. (via CourtListener).
- Park v. Kim, No. 22-2057, 91 F.4th 610. U.S. Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit (via FindLaw).
- Moffatt v. Air Canada, 2024 BCCRT 149. BC Civil Resolution Tribunal (via CanLII).
- BC Tribunal Confirms Companies Remain Liable for Information Provided by AI Chatbot. American Bar Association, Business Law Today.
- Americans and AI 2026: Chatbots, smart devices and views on impact. Pew Research Center.
- Democrats are now more worried than Republicans about AI and its impact on jobs. Pew Research Center.
- Energy and AI: Executive summary. International Energy Agency.
- Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference. Google Cloud Blog.
- Accelerating the next phase of AI. OpenAI.
- The Gemini app has surpassed 1 billion monthly users. Google.
The tools
- ChatGPT pricing. OpenAI.
- Download ChatGPT. OpenAI.
- Claude plans and pricing. Anthropic.
- Gemini subscriptions. Google.
- Gemini release notes (Mac app April 15, 2026; Windows app September 10, 2026). Google.
- Microsoft 365 plans with Copilot for individuals. Microsoft.
- Perplexity pricing. Perplexity.
- Getting started with Perplexity. Perplexity.
- Grok pricing. xAI.
- Grok. xAI.
- Introducing Meta One: a subscription service with more features and AI. Meta Newsroom.
- Introducing Muse Spark from Meta Superintelligence Labs. Meta Newsroom.
- Meta AI assistant. Meta.
- DeepSeek Privacy Policy (last updated February 10, 2026). DeepSeek.
Privacy
- How your data is used to improve model performance. OpenAI Help Center.
- Temporary Chat FAQ. OpenAI Help Center.
- Data usage for consumer services FAQ. OpenAI Help Center.
- Updates to our Consumer Terms and Privacy Policy. Anthropic.
- Is my data used for model training?. Anthropic Privacy Center.
- How long do you store my data?. Anthropic Privacy Center.
- Who can view my conversations?. Anthropic Help Center.
- Manage your Gemini Apps activity. Google Gemini Help.
- Temporary chats and new privacy controls in the Gemini app. Google.
- Privacy FAQ for Microsoft Copilot. Microsoft Support.
- Microsoft Copilot privacy controls. Microsoft Support.
- Data collection at Perplexity. Perplexity Help Center.
- Where did my threads go?. Perplexity Help Center.
- How long does Perplexity retain my search history, profile data and personal information?. Perplexity Help Center.
- Consumer FAQs. xAI.
- Privacy Policy (effective August 24, 2026). xAI.
- Privacy Matters: Meta's Generative AI Features. Meta Newsroom.
- Incognito Chat with Meta AI on WhatsApp. Meta Newsroom.
- Remove posts, chats and media from Meta AI and Vibes. Meta Help Center.
- Tips for using AI chatbots. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada.
- ChatGPT and large language models: what's the risk?. UK National Cyber Security Centre.
Scams and safety
- Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud (PSA I-120324-PSA). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- Senior U.S. Officials Impersonated in Malicious Messaging Campaign (PSA I-051525-PSA). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- 2025 Internet Crime Report. FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.
- Cryptocurrency and AI scams bilk Americans of billions. FBI.
- FTC testifies before the Joint Economic Committee on the agency's efforts to combat fraud. Federal Trade Commission.
- FTC data show people reported losing $3.5 billion to imposter scams in 2025. Federal Trade Commission.
- Scammers use AI to enhance their family emergency schemes. Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Advice.
- FTC announces impersonation rule goes into effect today. Federal Trade Commission.
- FTC announces crackdown on deceptive AI claims and schemes (Operation AI Comply). Federal Trade Commission.
- FTC reopens and sets aside Rytr final order. Federal Trade Commission.
- TAKE IT DOWN Act enforcement starts now: what to know. Federal Trade Commission, Business Blog.
- S.146, TAKE IT DOWN Act (enrolled bill text). U.S. Congress.
- FCC makes AI-generated voices in robocalls illegal. Federal Communications Commission.
- FCC fines political consultant $6 million for deepfake robocalls. Federal Communications Commission.
- Political operative behind fake Biden robocalls found not guilty. New Hampshire Public Radio.
- Arup revealed as victim of $25 million deepfake scam involving Hong Kong employee. CNN Business.
Rules and jobs
- Executive Order 14179, Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register (govinfo.gov).
- Executive Order 14319, Preventing Woke AI in the Federal Government. Federal Register.
- Executive Order 14320, Promoting the Export of the American AI Technology Stack. Federal Register (govinfo.gov).
- Executive Order 14363, Launching the Genesis Mission. Federal Register (govinfo.gov).
- Executive Order 14365, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence. The White House.
- Executive Order 14409, Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security. Federal Register.
- President Trump unveils national AI legislative framework. The White House.
- President Donald J. Trump signed S.146 into law. The White House.
- H.B. 149, Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (enrolled text). Texas Legislature.
- TX HB149 (2025) bill history. LegiScan.
- SB25B-004, Increase Transparency for Algorithmic Systems. Colorado General Assembly.
- Governor Polis signs bills into law (SB 26-189). Office of Colorado Governor Jared Polis.
- Colorado enacts artificial intelligence replacement law. Seyfarth Shaw LLP (law-firm analysis).
- Governor Newsom signs SB 53. Office of California Governor Gavin Newsom.
- AI Act: regulatory framework for AI. European Commission.
- Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI). Official Journal of the European Union (EUR-Lex).
- Future of Jobs Report 2025: 78 million new job opportunities by 2030. World Economic Forum.
- Incorporating AI impacts in BLS employment projections. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- AI use by businesses. U.S. Census Bureau.
- About 1 in 5 U.S. workers now use AI in their job, up since last year. Pew Research Center.